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Cor Pulmonale simply explained is an increase in Right Heart Pressure due to downstream Pulmonary HTN.\r\n
The WHO classifies Pulmonary HTN into five categories, all but Group 2 can cause For Pulmonale.\r\n
Group 1: Pulmonary Artery HTN
\r\n
Group 2: Doesn\'t cause Cor Pulmonale
Group 3: Lung Disease and Hypoxia (includes COPD, the Most Common Cause of For Pulmonale)\r\n
Group 4: Pulmonary Embolisms
\r\n
Group 5: Other (includes sarcoidosis, polycythemia vera, vasculitis)
Cor Pulmonale simply explained is an increase in Right Heart Pressure due to downstream Pulmonary HTN.\r\n
The WHO classifies Pulmonary HTN into five categories, all but Group 2 can cause For Pulmonale.\r\n
Group 1: Pulmonary Artery HTN
\r\n
Group 2: Doesn\'t cause Cor Pulmonale
Group 3: Lung Disease and Hypoxia (includes COPD, the Most Common Cause of For Pulmonale)\r\n
Group 4: Pulmonary Embolisms
\r\n
Group 5: Other (includes sarcoidosis, polycythemia vera, vasculitis)
Dyspnea is \r\nthe most common symptom, as well as abdominal pain and ascites.
Signs \r\nfound on physical assessment include tachypnea, elevated jugular venous \r\npressure, hepatomegaly, and lower extremity edema.
Evidence of prominent\r\n V waves in the jugular venous pulse may be found, as well as an RV \r\nheave palpable along the left sternal border or even in the epigastrium.
\r\n Cyanosis is a late finding in the course of cor pulmonale.
Diagnostically, ECG findings will display P pulmonale, right axis \r\ndeviation, and right ventricle hypertrophy.
Diagnosis usually is first suspected because \r\nof pulmonary involvement and is confirmed by chest x-ray, biopsy, and \r\nexclusion of other causes of granulomatous inflammation. First-line \r\ntreatment is corticosteroids.
Kveim test is a useful diagnostic procedure for sarcoidosis. The \r\nantigen (0.1 mL) obtained from human sarcoid tissue is injected \r\nintradermally and a small nodule develops 4 weeks later. If the test is \r\npositive, biopsy of the nodule reveals typical sarcoid follicle.\r\n
The development of positive Kveim test is suppressed by corticosteroid therapy.\r\n
Löfgren syndrome manifests as a triad of acute polyarthritis, \r\nerythema nodosum, and hilar adenopathy. It often causes fever, malaise, \r\nand uveitis, and sometimes parotitis. It is more common among \r\nScandinavian and Irish women. Löfgren syndrome is often self-limited. \r\nPatients usually respond to NSAIDs. Rate of relapse is low.\r\n
'), (260, 'The most predominant pathogens involved in the acute \r\nexacerbation of chronic bronchitis are Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Moraxella catarrhalis.
They are responsible for up to 60% \r\nof the cases and are the most common pathogens to be cultured from \r\nsputum in these patients. Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis are \r\nmarked by an increase in the volume or purulence of sputum and a \r\nworsening of cough or dyspnea.
Gram stain of the sputum usually shows a \r\nmixture of organisms; they are often Gram-positive diplococci, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Gram-negative rods, Haemophilus influenzae.
'); (362, 'The Cleaveland Clinic has a wonderful pdf called Interpreting pulmonary function tests: Recognize the pattern, and the diagnosis will follow - linked from this page.\r\n
The Dutch website Radiology Assistant has a wonderfully detailed page on basic interpretation of Chest X-rays. It includes:\r\n
The Cleaveland Clinic has a wonderful pdf called Interpreting pulmonary function tests: Recognize the pattern, and the diagnosis will follow - linked from this page.\r\n
The Dutch website Radiology Assistant has a wonderfully detailed page on basic interpretation of Chest X-rays. It includes:\r\n
See the bottom of the Spanish page for some printable booklets
'), (215, 'Kveim test is a useful diagnostic procedure for sarcoidosis. The \r\nantigen (0.1 mL) obtained from human sarcoid tissue is injected \r\nintradermally and a small nodule develops 4 weeks later. If the test is \r\npositive, biopsy of the nodule reveals typical sarcoid follicle.
The development of positive Kveim test is suppressed by corticosteroid therapy.
'), (269, 'It has been demonstrated epidemiologically that differences in \r\ncausative microbial organisms exist when the patient belongs to a \r\ncertain population group.
For example, college students mostly present \r\nwith Mycoplasma or Chlamydia pneumonias.
Patients that abuse alcohol most often demonstrate Klebsiella or Staphylococcus aureus in the sputum when presenting with the symptoms of pneumonia.
Pseudomonas sp. is usually found in patients that have spent a lot of time in the forest or are immunocompromised.
Legionella sp. are\r\n found in the sputum of patients that have signs of pneumonia and have \r\nhad a prolonged exposure to poorly cleaned air conditioning systems or \r\nhave been in spaces with aerosolized water.
'),